The decision comes after months of talks and is believed to have been finalised as a result of an important change in the budget last week, which brought public grants of upwards of £60m for ports to build green manufacturing hubs around them.

“With the new wind turbine production plant in the UK we’re pushing ahead with our strategy of investments in attractive growth markets for eco-friendly technology. In the foreseeable future the wind power market in the UK will be characterised by major offshore projects, and we’ll extend our market leadership with the new production plant,” said Peter Löscher, President and CEO of Siemens AG.

Andreas J. Goss, Siemens’ chief executive in the UK, said: “The UK government has created a stable framework to attract inward investment in renewables and offshore wind power in particular. The competition for land development, announced in the Budget last week, gives us confidence that the appropriate UK port infrastructure can be made available to support our production plans.”

The Siemens facility is expected to create 700 direct jobs and perhaps as many as 1,500 more in the supply chain. The plans come only a few days after GE announced a similar initiative in Britain, with investment of £100m, creating 2,000 jobs. Mitsubishi of Japan and Clipper Windpower have also announced schemes to make bigger and better blades that could bring down the cost of producing wind offshore.

Siemens is currently exploring a number of sites on the East Coast and in the North East and will make its decision about the exact location when the competition process for land development is complete. The company is working closely with the Regional Development Agencies and its partners to find the optimum site.

Big utilities such as E.ON and RWE have already won acreage under the Round Three (R3) licensing scheme to develop wind farms many miles off the coast of Britain. But some have warned that the economics remain fragile, given the deep water levels and other factors involved, unless development costs can be driven down.

Commenting on the announcement from Siemens Frost & Sullivan’s Wind Energy Industry Analyst Gouri Kumar said, “A combination of factors such as the UK government’s efforts to attract these companies to set up plants in the UK, the support to the offshore wind industry in the recent UK budget as well as the announcement of Round Three offshore wind project leasing, has sent the right signals to the market about how serious the UK is about developing the offshore wind market.

“The string of announcements from Clipper Windpower a few months ago to Siemens today is conveying to the market that the UK is finally converting rhetoric to some action and is one step ahead in creating a much-needed supply chain in the UK. There is no doubt that the UK is going to be the centre of offshore wind development and therefore needs to bring jobs and investment to the country in order to support that development. The commitment to the sector from the government and industry participants need to continue.”

Lord Oxburgh is a former chairman of the House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology.

“The shadow hanging over climate change and science more generally at present makes it a matter of urgency that we get on with this assessment,” he said.

The Lord’s appointment was made on the recommendation of the UK Royal Society.

The e-mails issue came to light in November last year, when hundreds of messages between scientists at the University of East Anglia’s (UEA) Climate Research Unit (CRU) and their peers around the world were posted on the world wide web, along with other documents.

Critics said that the e-mail exchanges reveal an attempt by the researchers involved to manipulate data.

CRU SCIENCE REVIEW PANEL Chair – Ron Oxburgh FRS (Lord Oxburgh of Liverpool) Huw Davies, professor of physics at the Institute for Atmospheric & Climate Science at ETH Zurich Kerry Emanuel, professor of meteorology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Lisa Graumlich, directs the school of natural resources and the environment at Arizona University David Hand, professor of statistics in the department of mathematics at Imperial College London Herbert Huppert, professor of theoretical geophysics at the University of Cambridge Michael Kelly, Prince Philip professor of technology at the University of Cambridge

Lord Oxburgh will lead the second independent review into the e-mail controversy and will scrutinise scientific material from the CRU.

The CRU Scientific Assessment Panel is distinct from the panel chaired by Sir Muir Russell, which will look at the methods and practices used by scientists at the research unit.

Sir Muir’s review will, among other things, examine e-mail exchanges for evidence of suppression or manipulation of data at odds with acceptable scientific practice and look into CRU’s compliance with the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Both inquiries are funded by UEA.

Ron Oxburgh trained as a geologist and has worked in academia, the civil service and in business. He has been chief scientific adviser to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and was non-executive chairman of Shell Transport and Trading until the Company merged with Royal Dutch Petroleum to form Royal Dutch Shell in 2005.

He is currently president of the Carbon Capture and Storage Association and chairman of wind energy firm Falck Renewables.

Picking the team

Dr Benny Peiser, director of the Global Warming Policy Foundation think-tank, said he was “surprised” by the selection as he said Lord Oxburgh was “a representative of an energy company which promotes wind energy and campaigns on de-carbonisation”.

“We are a bit surprised that they couldn’t find someone who was completely independent of the debate. But perhaps we shouldn’t be, because the university has a track record of selecting some contentious panel members in the past,” he told BBC News.

UEA will be aware of allegations of bias directed at the review chaired by Sir Muir Russell. Even before that review could begin its work, one of its members, Dr Philip Campbell, the editor-in-chief of Nature journal, resigned.

Dr Campbell stood down because of remarks he had made last year in the Chinese media in which he said the scientists mentioned in the e-mails had “behaved as researchers should”.

The university says the panel comprises scientists who use techniques similar to those used in CRU but who largely apply them to other areas of research, as well as those with experience in climate science and related research.

Professor Trevor Davies, UEA’s pro-vice-chancellor for research commented: “Our concern has been to bring together a distinguished group of independent scientists who understand the difference between assertion and evidence, and are familiar with using the latter to judge the validity of conclusions arising from science research.”

Bob Ward, policy and communications director at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, said he expected critics would try to discredit the panel. But he added: “Nobody should be in doubt that this is a high-quality panel of individuals who have demonstrated both their authority and integrity.”

The university says the CRU Scientific Assessment Panel will have access to any publications or materials it requests, and all information considered will be listed in the eventual report.

UEA, in consultation with the Royal Society, has suggested that the panel looks in particular at key publications from the body of CRU’s research which were referred to in the university’s recent submission to the Parliamentary Science and Technology Committee.

The panel will meet in Norwich in April and will be given the opportunity to see original data and speak to those who carried out the work.

The organisation that operates the Large Hadron Collider has set a date for the start of its science programme.

On Tuesday 30 March, engineers at Cern will make their first attempt to collide beams at an energy of 3.5 trillion electronvolts (TeV) per beam.

The LHC reached this beam energy last week, breaking its own particle beam energy record.

But, among other things, engineers will need to ensure the beams are stable at 3.5 TeV before trying for collisions.

The LHC will search for the elusive Higgs boson, dubbed the “God particle” because of its importance to our understanding of physics.

Getting beams circulating is one thing. Having them circulate for a reasonable lifetime is another James Gillies Director of communications, Cern

“Symbolically, the start of the LHC research programme is when we start systematically colliding beams for physics at the energy we have chosen for this year,” Cern’s director of communications Dr James Gillies, told BBC News.

“That’s what we’re hoping for a week today.”

Steve Myers, director for accelerators and technology at Cern, explained: “With two beams at 3.5 TeV, we’re on the verge of launching the LHC physics programme.

“But we’ve still got a lot of work to do before collisions. Just lining the beams up is a challenge in itself. It’s a bit like firing needles across the Atlantic and getting them to collide half way.”

‘Golden orbit’

The experiment, housed in a 27km-long tunnel under the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva in Switzerland, has only been back online since November 2009.

WHAT IS AN ELECTRON VOLT? Charged particles tend to speed up in an electric field, defined as an electric potential – or voltage – spread over a distance One electron volt (eV) is the energy gained by a single electron as it accelerates through a potential of one volt It is a convenient unit of measure for particle accelerators, which speed particles up through much higher electric potentials The first accelerators only created bunches of particles with an energy of about a million eV (MeV) The LHC can reach beam energies a million times higher: up to several teraelectronvolts (TeV) This is still only the energy in the motion of a flying mosquito But that energy is packed into a comparatively few particles, travelling at more than 99.99% the speed of light

A magnet fault caused one tonne of liquid helium to leak into the tunnel in 2008, shortly after the machine was first switched on, requiring a programme of repairs that lasted 14 months.

Between now and 30 March, the LHC’s team will be working to commission the beam control systems and the systems that protect the machine’s detectors, or experiments, from stray particles.

All these systems must be fully commissioned before collisions at 3.5 TeV can begin, Cern says.

“Getting beams circulating is one thing. Having them circulate for a reasonable lifetime is another. Having a ‘golden orbit’ – where the beams complete lap after lap after lap for hours – is important,” Dr Gillies said.

“All of these things you have to do before the machine operators can say: ‘the beams are now stable, you can switch on the detectors.”

The LHC is being used to smash together beams of proton particles in a bid to shed light on the nature of the Universe.

Some 1,200 superconducting magnets bend proton beams in opposite directions around the tunnel at close to the speed of light.

At allotted points around the tunnel, the proton beams cross paths, allowing particles to smash into one another.

Detectors located at the crossing points will scour the wreckage of these collisions for discoveries that extend our knowledge of physics.

Paul.Rincon-INTERNET@bbc.co.uk

The incident at Whitelee wind farm happened on Friday

An investigation is under way at Europe’s largest onshore wind farm in East Renfrewshire after a 150ft blade snapped off a turbine.

The incident, at about 0200 GMT on Friday, led to Whitelee wind farm, near Eaglesham, being temporarily shut down.

ScottishPower Renewables, which runs the site, said the cause was unknown but mechanical failure and a lightning strike were being considered.

A safety check on all 140 turbines should be completed by Friday.

The damaged turbine was automatically shut down after sensors alerted the wind farm’s 24-hour control room to the problem.

All turbines at the site were then taken offline while engineers began an inspection.

‘Highly unusual’

By Tuesday morning 65 turbines had been inspected and returned to operation.

A full inspection of the wind farm is expected to be completed by 26 March.

Keith Anderson, managing director of ScottishPower Renewables, said: “This type of incident is exceptionally rare and highly unusual.

“However, the safety of our people and the public is our first priority.

“While the investigation into the cause of the incident is ongoing our engineers continue to conduct an internal and external examination of all turbine blades at the wind farm.”

The Whitelee wind farm currently has 140 turbines. Approval has been granted for a further 39 turbines.

The wind turbines, which are built by Siemens, are about 360ft high.

Councillors have approved an extension to a Stirlingshire wind farm despite the recommendation of planning experts to scrap the project.

Officials opposed the building of nine turbines at the wind farm near Fintry because it would have an adverse impact on the landscape.

There were also worries the view from Stirling Castle would be affected.

But 36 letters were received in support of the Falck Renewables scheme, which had considerable local backing.

Seven letters were sent objecting to the scheme.

A spokeswoman for Stirling Council said: “The panel took the decision to grant the application. They went against officers recommendations for refusal.”

The new turbines will be constructed to the north-west of the existing Earlsburn wind farm.

Charles Williams, from Falck Renewables, said the extension would deliver “real economic, social and environmental benefits” to people living nearby.

Climate change targets

He said local communities would share £1,000 per annum, plus income generated from the community turbine.

He added: “Construction is expected to commence in 2011 and take approximately nine months to complete.”

Stirling MSP Bruce Crawford said he welcomed the decision to go ahead with the wind farm.

The SNP politician said: “I am a keen supporter of such projects when they are situated in appropriate locations.

“This will make a significant contribution to the development of renewable energy and meeting ambitious climate change targets.

“It will also mean that nearby communities will benefit directly through additional investment as a result of this project.”

EDF was the only company to escape criticism from the housing body

In the past five years, gas and electricity prices have soared by 107% and 66% respectively, largely as a result of ‘market forces’ that are out of energy suppliers’ control – or so we’re told.
Wholesale energy prices

But Which? experts say it’s not simply a case of wholesale prices – the price energy companies pay for the energy they sell to us – going up and energy bills following suit.

Instead, energy suppliers get their energy in a variety of ways. Contracts with energy generators can range from months to several years, and energy is also bought ‘on the spot’ and delivered immediately. The dominant big six suppliers – British Gas, EDF, Eon, Npower, Scottish Power and Scottish & Southern – also generate some of the energy that they sell to consumers.

The Which? Switch energy company satisfaction survey can show you how your energy supplier has been rated for customer satisfaction and value for money.
Energy suppliers should be open

More than 80% of Which? members want energy suppliers to be open about how their bills are made up, especially the link between what consumers pay and what energy suppliers pay for the gas and electricity they sell to us.

But almost 90% also think it’s hard to work out if price changes are a fair reflection of the actual cost of energy – thanks to confusing jargon such as ‘volatile markets’, ‘increased market commodity costs’, ‘continued increases to input costs’, and ‘the soaring cost of raw materials’.
Fair price for energy

The Liberal Democrats recently weighed into the energy prices debate. Shadow energy and climate change secretary, Simon Hughes MP, called for energy bills to reflect fuel costs to ensure that ‘consumers are not ripped off again and again’.

Which? policy adviser Dr Fiona Cochrane said: ‘The low levels of trust and satisfaction shown by our survey of energy companies mean it’s important for us to have confidence that what energy suppliers ask us to pay is fair.’
Which? RSS and Twitter news feeds

For daily consumer news, subscribe to the Which? news RSS feed. If you have an older web browser you may need to copy and paste http://www.which.co.uk/feeds/reviews/news.xml into your newsreader. Find out more about RSS in the Which? guide to RSS news feeds.

You can also follow WhichNews on Twitter for all the latest consumer news.

Energy bills
Lower your energy bills

Those switching energy suppliers with Which? Switch between January 1 and October 21 2009 saved an annual average of £263. Compare gas and electricity prices and tariffs in a few minutes to find the best deal for you.

We’ve got more ways to save on your energy bills with Which? Best Buy energy efficient appliances, energy-saving light bulbs and energy monitors.

Whales store carbon within their huge bodies and when they are killed, much of this carbon can be released.

US scientists revealed their estimate of carbon released by whaling at the Ocean Sciences meeting in Portland, US.

Dr Andrew Pershing from the University of Maine described whales as the “forests of the ocean”.

Dr Pershing and his colleagues from the Gulf of Maine Research Institute calculated the annual carbon-storing capacity of whales as they grew.

“Whales, like any animal or plant on the planet, are made out of a lot of carbon,” he said.

“And when you kill and remove a whale from the ocean, that’s removing carbon from this storage system and possibly sending it into the atmosphere.”

He pointed out that, particularly in the early days of whaling, the animals were a source of lamp oil, which was burned, releasing the carbon directly into the air.

“And this marine system is unique because when whales die [naturally], their bodies sink, so they take that carbon down to the bottom of the ocean.

“If they die where it’s deep enough, it will be [stored] out of the atmosphere perhaps for hundreds of years.”

Ocean trees

In their initial calculations, the team worked out that 100 years of whaling had released an amount of carbon equivalent to burning 130,000 sq km of temperate forests, or to driving 128,000 Humvees continuously for 100 years.

Dr Pershing stressed that this was still a relatively tiny amount when compared to the billions of tonnes produced by human activity every year.

When whales die [naturally], their bodies sink, so they take that carbon down to the bottom of the ocean. Dr Andrew Pershing, University of Maine

But he said that whales played an important role in storing and transporting carbon in the marine ecosystem.

Simply leaving large groups of whales to grow, he said, could “sequester” the greenhouse gas, in amounts that were comparable to some of the reforestation schemes that earn and sell carbon credits.

He suggested that a similar system of carbon credits could be applied to whales in order to protect and rebuild their stocks.

“The idea would be to do a full accounting of how much carbon you could store in a fully populated stock of fish or whales, and allow countries to sell their fish quota as carbon credits,” he explained.

“You could use those credits as an incentive to reduce the fishing pressure or to promote the conservation of some of these species.”

Other scientists said that he had raised an exciting and interesting problem.

Professor Daniel Costa, a marine animal researcher from the University of California, Santa Cruz, told BBC News: “So many more groups are looking at the importance of these large animals in the carbon cycle.

“And it’s one of those things that, when you look at it, you think: ‘ This is so obvious, why didn’t we think of this before?’.”

Is bigger better?

Dr Pershing pointed out that whales, with their huge size, were more efficient than smaller animals at storing carbon.

He used the analogy of a small dog compared to a large dog.

“My wife’s 6lb (2.7kg) toy poodle eats one cup of food per day and my dog – a 60lb standard poodle – eats five cups of food per day,” he said.

“That’s only five times as much food but my dog weighs ten times as much.”

He said that the marine carbon credit idea could be applied to other very large marine animals, including endangered bluefin tuna and white sharks.

Dr Pershing said: “These are huge and they are top predators, so unless they’re fished they would be likely to take their biomass to the bottom of the ocean [when they die].”

EDF was the only company to escape criticism from the housing body

Spanish owner Iberdrola said Scottish Power delivered underlying earnings of £1.29 billion in 2009, with the impact of the weak pound stripped out, accounting for 21% of the wider group earnings.

But it said UK electricity customer numbers fell 5.9% to 3.2 million and remained flat at two million for gas, while energy demand among cash-strapped households and businesses fell by 2.7% for electricity and 7.9% for gas.

News of its UK profits rise was slammed as “indefensible” by an energy consultancy, as wholesale prices have fallen sharply in the last year.

David Hunter, an analyst at McKinnon & Clarke, said: “Despite wholesale prices going into freefall, Scottish Power hasn’t cut domestic standard tariffs in almost a year. Failure of the ‘big six’ suppliers to pass on to customers the massive reductions in wholesale energy prices, which they have been enjoying since 2008, is scandalous.”

Annual results due on Thursday from Centrica are expected to show operating profits for its British Gas residential arm of £554 million, up from £379 million in 2008.

British Gas became the first of the major players to lower gas prices recently with a 7% cut for its eight million customers, but Scottish Power has not cut prices since last February, when it reduced average gas bills by 7.5% and electricity bills by 3%.

A spokesman for Scottish Power said profits in the UK were boosted by an 8% reduction in costs due to savings made across its IT operations. This offset a drop in demand from recession-hit customers, the group said.

It also reduced bad debts from customers in arrears by 12% last year as it encouraged customers to pay by secure payment, with 75% now on direct debit or pre-payment meter.

Earnings for the wider Iberdrola group rose 6.3% to 6.82 billion euros (£5.99 billion) in 2009. But the figures do not include results for January, which was one of the highest on record for energy usage due to the freezing weather.

The SSV Corwith Cramer is involved in the plastics research

Scientists have discovered an area of the North Atlantic Ocean where plastic debris accumulates.

The region is said to compare with the well-documented “great Pacific garbage patch”.

Karen Lavender Law of the Sea Education Association told the BBC that the issue of plastics had been “largely ignored” in the Atlantic.

She announced the findings of a two-decade-long study at the Ocean Sciences Meeting in Portland, US.

The work is the conclusion of the longest and most extensive record of plastic marine debris in any ocean basin.

Scientists and students from the SEA collected plastic and marine debris in fine mesh nets that were towed behind a research vessel.

We know that many marine organisms are consuming these plastics and we know this has a bad effect on seabirds in particular Dr Karen Lavender Law, Sea Education Association

The nets dragged along were half-in and half-out of the water, picking up debris and small marine organisms from the sea surface.

The researchers carried out 6,100 tows in areas of the Caribbean and the North Atlantic – off the coast of the US. More than half of these expeditions revealed floating pieces of plastic on the water surface.

These were pieces of low-density plastic that are used to make many consumer products, including plastic bags.

Dr Lavender Law said that the pieces of plastic she and her team picked up in the nets were generally very small – up to 1cm across.

“We found a region fairly far north in the Atlantic Ocean where this debris appears to be concentrated and remains over long periods of time,” she explained.

“More than 80% of the plastic pieces we collected in the tows were found between 22 and 38 degrees north. So we have a latitude for [where this] rubbish seems to accumulate,” she said.

The maximum “plastic density” was 200,000 pieces of debris per square kilometre.

“That’s a maximum that is comparable with the Great Pacific Garbage Patch,” said Dr Lavender Law.

But she pointed out that there was not yet a clear estimate of the size of the patches in either the Pacific or the Atlantic.

“You can think of it in a similar way [to the Pacific Garbage Patch], but I think the word ‘patch’ can be misleading. This is widely dispersed and it’s small pieces of plastic,” she said.

The impacts on the marine environment of the plastics were still unknown, added the researcher.

“But we know that many marine organisms are consuming these plastics and we know this has a bad effect on seabirds in particular,” she told BBC News.

Nets are dragged half-in and half-out of the water

Nikolai Maximenko from University of Hawaii, who was not involved in the study, said that it was very important to continue the research to find out the impacts of plastic on the marine ecosystem.

He told BBC News: “We don’t know how much is consumed by living organisms; we don’t have enough data.

“I think this is a big target for the next decade – a global network to observe plastics in the ocean.”

The jatropha plant can grow in soil not suitable for food crops Dave Harvey: Bristol or Borneo?

An application to build a controversial biofuel power station is being considered by councillors in Bristol.

Environmental groups oppose the plant, and the city’s council leader says it is likely to lead to rainforest destruction and food insecurity.

But council officials say there are no good grounds to block the proposal under existing planning law.

It is one of several plants around the UK under consideration; one in Weymouth has already been approved.

The firm applying to build the bio-liquids power plant, W4B, says it will power 25,000 homes.

It would be fuelled by 70,000 tonnes of vegetable oil a year, first perhaps with palm oil but later with jatropha oil.

Critics blame the growing demand for palm oil for rainforest destruction, and say jatropha oil displaces food crops and pushes up the price of food.

But a W4B spokesman told BBC West that they would ensure the fuel was obtained from sustainable sources.

The EU says, if used responsibly, biofuels can reduce carbon emissions and increase energy security.

In the UK, biofuel power stations attract government incentives in the form of Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs), provided the fuel meets EU sustainability rules.

A government spokesman outlined the sustainability criteria, which includes:

• Minimum greenhouse gas savings, compared to fossil fuels, of 35% initially, rising to 50% from 2017 for existing power stations and 60% from 2018 for new installations

• Restrictions on sourcing raw materials from areas that are rich in biodiversity or are considered to be important carbon sinks, such as primary forests

Opponents of biofuels say the criteria imposed by governments will be irrelevant because any crops grown for fuel will simply increase pressure on land around the world and – either directly or indirectly – impact on food or wildlife.